- Right of way:- Getting the license to lay cables/fly airlines/build towers. Typically, this involves liasons with regulators/local authorities/government. Usually a legal monopoly, and if a private sector player gets it, it becomes a natural monopoly due to the poor economics of duplication.
- Terminals:- These are the fixed departure/termination points between which rolling stock(vehicles etc) moves. They supply all the operating infrastructure and deftly schedule competitors.
- Rolling Stock:- Planes, buses, coaches, wagons, ships fall in this class. They are the actual revenue earning assets, which depend on the first 2 segments for being able to operate. There is no voluntary open access at all here, and maximum customization/differentiation is possible. Usually unregulated(wrt returns) and the sweet spot for private players due to low cost of entry, low entry barriers etc.
In case of banking/finance, this paradigm is slowly getting in place. Take the following examples:-
- Hedge funds can now use their intellectual capital('rolling stock') to access the prime broking infrastructure of their investment banking competitors
- Insurance companies/mutual funds can piggyback on their banking partners to sell products, instead of taking the pain to set up branches.
- For expanding the access of retail banking, RBI suggests bank agnostic banking correspondents, who will have machines able to operate any bank's account.
- The idea of intraprenuers within organizations/financial supermarket in a retail bank branch, hinges on the idea that creative ideas/cross selling can best utilize the infrastructure already in place.
- ATMs('terminals') are now nearly open access due to the number of free transactions(5/month) for ALL banking customers. Hence, new banks(aka 'rolling stock'!) can devote less resources to this aspect and focus on customer service and innovation
- Incubation centres/Industrial parks/business centres/single window clearances(presently non banking scenario only) focus on this same principle of relieving headache of the formalities/heavy investments.
- Outsourcing trend seen in financial services(IT/Manpower/office space/accounting) and elsewhere, is reflective of this trend,\
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